INTRODUCTION:

Ayurveda the ancient Indian system of medicine emphasizes a holistic approach to health focusing on the harmonious balance of psychological physiological and spiritual well-being. Unlike modern medical practices that predominantly target disease treatment Ayurveda prioritizes preventive care and the maintenance of health through personalized interventions and natural formulations. A crucial aspect of Ayurvedic pharmacology is Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana which detail the principles and preparation methods of therapeutic dosage forms derived from herbal and mineral sources. Within this pharmacological framework Sandhana Kalpana, the fermentation-based technique of preparing herbal formulations such as Asava and Arishta holds significant importance¹. These preparations involve fermenting decoctions or juices of medicinal herbs with sweetening agents like jaggery or honey and fermentation initiators such as Dhataki Pushpa flowers (Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz). The self-generated alcohol medium enhances the extraction and bioavailability of both water and alcohol soluble phytoconstituents extends shelf life accelerates absorption and improves therapeutic efficacy compared to non-fermented forms³.

Balarishta (BA) a classical hydro-alcoholic poly-herbal formulation detailed in the Bhaishajya Ratnavali under the Vatavyadhi Adhikara exemplifies the Sandhana Kalpana technique. Traditionally composed of twelve herbal ingredients including Bala (Sida cordifolia), Ashwagandha (With Ania somnifera), Dhataki (Woodfordia fruticosa) flowers, payaasya (Ipomea digitata L.), Rasna (Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C.B. Clarke), Eranda (Ricinus communis L.), Ela (Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton), Prasarini (Paederia foetida L), Lavanga (Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry), Ushira (Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash), Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris L.), and others. BA undergoes fermentation over 21 to 30 days. This process yields a tonic rich in self-generated alcohol effectively serving as a vehicle to deliver a spectrum of hydrophilic and lipophilic phytochemicals.

Clinically BA is employed to treat a range of conditions such as Agnimandhya (digestive impairment) Daurbalya (weakness) Vataja roga (vata dosha related disorders) and Karshya (emaciation) reflecting its role in restoring physiological balance and enhancing overall vitality. The primary ingredient Bala root contains bioactive constituents including alkaloids like ephedrine vasicine and vasicinone along with phytosterols fatty acids phenolic compounds and flavonoids such as rutin and kaempferol which contribute to its anti-inflammatory analgesic and rejuvenating properties^4,5,6.

Another key ingredient is the root of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), which contains a group of steroidal lactones known as withanolides. These compounds are known for their therapeutic benefits, including the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and arthritis when used alongside other drugs. Ashwagandha is also credited with hypoglycemic (blood sugar-lowering) and diuretic properties, enhancing the overall effectiveness of the formulation.

Guda (jaggery), used as a sweetening agent and fermentable substrate in Balarishta, possesses madhura rasa (sweet taste) and snigdha guna (unctuous quality) with a sheeta veerya (cooling potency). It is traditionally recognized for its vata-pitta hara (pacifying vata and pitta doshas) properties, acts as a natural balya (strengthener), and supports digestion and detoxification through mutrakara (promoting urine flow) and dhatu kshaya (preventing tissue depletion). The inclusion of guda not only aids fermentation but also contributes to the tonic and rejuvenating effects of the formulation.

The synergistic combination of herbs in BA exhibits predominantly madhura (sweet) and katu (pungent) tastes with qualities ranging from laghu (light) and snigdha (unctuous) to sheeta (cool) or usna (hot). These properties collectively balance the vata pitta and kapha doshas imparting actions like balya (strengthening) brimhana (nourishing)⁷. Consequently, BA promotes digestion reduces inflammation alleviates pain and swelling enhances reproductive health and supports overall systemic vitality.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In this review effort is made to consolidate knowledge from classical Ayurvedic texts like Bhaishajya Ratanavali, Bharat bhaishajya ratanakara, Sahashtra yoga, Ayurveda sara sangraha, AFI (Ayurvedic Formulary of India) and API (Ayurvedic Pharmacopeia of India) and contemporary public domain literature to elucidate the pharmacological basis therapeutic potential and clinical applications of BA thereby bridging traditional wisdom with modern scientific understanding.

Ingredients of Bala Rishta:

Table 1. Ingredients of Bala Rishta as per classical reference⁸

Sr. No.	Name of Drugs	Botanical Name	Family name	Part Used	Quantity
*Kwatha dravya*
1.	Bala	Sida cordifolia L.	Malvaceace	Root	100 parts
2.	Asvagandha	With ania somnifera Dunal.	Solanaceae	Root	100 parts
3.	Jala for decoction	Water	-	-	1024 parts
*Madhura dravya*
4.	Guda	Saccharum officinarum	Poaceae	-	300 parts
*Sandhana Dravya*
5.	Dhataki	Wood fordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz	Lythraceae	Flower	16 parts
*Prekshepa Dravya*
6.	Payasya	Ipomea digitata L.	Fabaceae	Tuber	2 parts
7.	Panchangula (Eranda)	Ricinus communis L.	Euphorbiaceae	Root	2 parts
8.	Rasna	Pluchea lanceolata (DC.) C.B. Clarke	Asteraceae	Root/ Leaf	1 part
9.	Ela (suksmaila)	Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton	Zingiberaceae	Seed	1 part
10.	Prasarini	Paederia foetida L.	Rubiaceae	Whole Plant	1 part
11.	Devapusaka (Lavanga)	Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry	Myrtaceae	Flower Bud	1 part
12.	Usira	Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash	Poaceae	Root	1 part
13.	Svadamstra (Goksura)	Tribulus terrestris L.	Zygophyllacease	Fruit	1 part

Probable Pharmacodynamics of Balarishta:

Table 3. Pharmacodynamic of Each Ingredients of Balarishta

S.No	Name	Rasa	Guna	Virya	Vipaka	Dosha	Karma
1.	Bala	madhua	laghu, snigdha, pichchha	sheeta	madhura	vata-pitta hara	Balya,Brimhana, Vrishya
2.	Asvagandha¹¹	katu, Tikta, Kshaya	laghu, snigdha	usna	madhura	vata-kapha shamaka	VataVyadhi, Granthishotha, Daurbalya,shotha, Yonishoola
3.	Guda¹²	madura	Snigdha, Isatksariy	natisheeta	madhura	Vata-pitta hara	Mutrakara,vatahara,Daurbalya ,Dhatuksaya
4.	Dhataki¹³	Kashaya, Katu	Laghu	sheeta	katu	Kaphapittahara	Grahi,Vishaghana,Garbhasthapaka, Krimighana
5.	Payasya¹⁴	Madhua	Guru, Snigdha	sheeta	madhura	Vatapitasamaka	Sukrala,Balya,Mutrala,Pittahara,Stanyada,Jivaniya, Brahaniya, Vrisya
6.	Panchangula (Erand)¹⁵	Madhua	Guru, Snigdha	usna	madhura	Vatahara	Vatahara, Vrisya, amapachana
7.	Rasna¹⁶	Tikta	Guru	usna	katu	Kaphavatahara	vatasra, kasa, jwar, shoola, shwasa, udara, shotha, Vatavyadhi
8.	Ela(suksmaila)¹⁷	Katu, Madhua	Laghu	sheeta	madhura	Tridoshashamaka	Mukhashodhana, Durgandhanashaa,Chhardinigrahana
9.	Prasarini¹⁸	Tikta	Guru, Sara	usna	katu	Vatahara	Vrishya, Balakrit, Sandhankrit
10.	Devapushpa (Lavanga)¹⁹	Katu, Tikta	Laghu, tiksna	sheeta	katu	Kaphapittashamaka	Svasahara,Deepana,Kasahara,Pachana, Ruchya
11.	Usira²⁰	Madhua , Tikta	Laghu, Snigdha	sheeta	madhura	Pittaghna,	Pacana, Stambhan, Vataghna
12.	Svadamstra (Goksura)²¹	Madhua	Guru, Snigdha	sheeta	madhura	vatashamaka	Vedanasthapana, Amashayabalya, Agnideepaka

Table 4. Pharmacological action accoding to Ayurvedic classics and chemical constituent of each ingredients of BA

S. No	Name of drugs	Pharmacological action	Chemical constituents
1.	Bala	Balya, Brimhana, Vrishya	Ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, sterculic, malvalic, coronaric acid, palmitric, stearic, hexacosanoic acid, B-sitosterol,
2.	Ashvagandha	Vata Vyadhi, Granthishotha, Daurbalya, Shotha, Yonishoola, Cirustambha Murchchha,	Withsomniferine A, withaferin A, withanone, withanolide ws -1, somnirol,somnitol, nicotine, preudotropine, torpine, solasodine,
3.	Guda	Swadukara, Mutrashodhaka, Raktashodhaka, Kaphavriddhikara, Vataghna, Krimivriddhikara, Balya, Vrishya, Medovriddhikara	50 % sucrose, 20% invert sugars, moisture content up to 20 % protein, mineral, vitamins.
4.	Dhataki	Grahi,Vishaghna,Garbhasthapaka, Krimighna, Sandhaniya	Tannins, cyaniding, octasonal, diglucoside, and beta-sitosterol
5.	Payasya (ksira-vidari)	Shukrala, Balya, Mutrala, Pittahara, Stanyada, Jivaniya, Brimhaniya, Vrishya	Gluconic and Malic acids, puerarin, daidzein, genistein, quercetin, irisolidone, biochanin A
6.	Panchangula (Eranda)	Vatahara, Vrishya, Amapachana	Alkaloid (ricinine).
7.	Rasna	Kasa, Jwara, Shoola, Shwasa,Udara, Shotha, Vatavyadhi, Udararoga, Sidhma, Amavata, Vatarakta	Triterpenoids, sterols, flavonoids, lactones, moretenol, neolupenol, hexacosanoic and tetracosanoic acid, triacontanol, stigmasterol and beta- sitosterol –D- glucoside.
8.	Ela (suksmaila)	Mukhashodhana,Durgandhanashana, Chhardinigrahana, Trishnanigrahana, Deepana, Pachana, Rochana.	α-Pinene, Sabinene, myrcene, limonene, cineol, cymene, methyl heptenone, linalool, linalyacetate, α and β- terpineol, α- terpinyl acetate,
9.	Prasarini	Vatahara, Vrisya, Balakrit, Sandhankrit	Sitosterol,Iridoid,glycosides,stigmasterol, paederolone,paederone,paederone, paederine, paederenine etc.
10.	Devapushpa (Lavanga)	Shwasahara, Deepana, Kasahara, Kaphapittasamaka, Pachana, Ruchya	Volatile oil, eugenin, tanin
11.	Ushira	Pachana, Pittaghna, Stambhana, Vataghna, Dahaklantihara, Kaphapittahrit	Alkaliods,sterols, protien,carbohydrates triterpenoides, saponins, tannins and flavoniodes²²
12.	Svadamstra (Gokshura)	Vatashamaka, Amashayabalya, Agnideepaka, Anulomana	Campesterol, b-sitosterol and stigmasterol, neotigogenin

Tharapeutic Indiations of Balarishta According to Contemporary science:

In Ayurveda, Balarishta is a poly-herbal preparation often used to enhance strength, immunity, and vitality. It is an Ayurvedic Arishta (a type of fermented formulation) that is typically used to support the overall health of the body, particularly for individuals suffering from weakness, fatigue, or debility. individual ingredients have some properties-

(a) Bala: It contains compounds such as ephedrine, hypaphorine, vasicinone, choline, betaine, and phytosterols. The roots, in particular, are abundant in β-sitosterols, which are recognized for their role in modulating the immune system²³.

(b) Ashwagandha: This herb is regarded as a miraculous remedy in Ayurveda due to its wide range of medicinal properties. It is known for its immunomodulatory, cardio-protective, anticancerous effects, and its role as a rejuvenating agent.^24,25,26.

(c) Dhataki: Dubey reported that Woodfordia fruticosa contains powerful antimicrobial compounds effective against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) bacteria, and its crude leaf extract showed no toxic effects on human lymphocytes²⁷.

(d) Payasya: Barti R reported several pharmacological activities like anticancerous, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiviral, cardioprotective, fibrinolytic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, nephroprotective, nootropic, vasodilatory, and wound healing²⁸.

(e) Eranda: The medicinal role of Eranda has been reported by many researchers. Rachhadiya have reported the cytoprotective role of Eranda oil on gastric mucosa thus reducing the risk of ulcer formation, lypolytic, antidiabetic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities²⁹.

(f) Rasna: It was observed that Pluchea lanceolata is a very good antioxidant and immunosuppressant^30,31.

(g) Ela: Cardamom is a valuable culinary spice known not only for its distinct aroma but also for its medicinal properties. Verma has reported its potential in lowering blood pressure, enhancing fibrinolysis, and providing antioxidant benefits³². Additionally, Khan has demonstrated the pharmacological basis of cardamom in treating asthma³³.

(h) Prasarini: This plant is reported to have antimicrobial, thrombolytic, cytotoxic and antidiabetic activities^34,35.

(i) Usira: Vetiveria zizanoides is a type of densely clumped grass. The oil extracted from its roots is believed to act as a nerve relaxant, helping to alleviate mental stress. Additionally, the chemical compounds found in the roots of Vetiveria possess strong fungicidal, bactericidal, and insecticidal properties³⁶.

(j) Goksura: It is an ancient herb with immense medicinal qualities. Tribulus, in modern day, is used for body building, to relieve diseases of uro-genital system and as an aphrodisiac. Fatima have elaborated in their review on the various pharmacological activities of Tribulus³⁷.

Review on Previous studies done on Balarishta:

1. Antioxidant activity:

E. Swapana et al. (2015) has reported Evaluation of Antioxidant activity of Marketed Ayurvedic Formulation- Balarishta.The antioxidant property of Balarishta observed its effectiveness in reducing Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the body. Since elevated ROS levels are linked to various diseases and are often caused by modern lifestyle factors, Balarishtam’s ability to lower ROS is significant. This suggests that its therapeutic action may, in part, be due to its antioxidant properties. Therefore, Balarishtam could play an important role in disease management through oxidative stress reduction.³⁸

2. Anti-inflammatory Activity:

Alam et al. (1998) has reported Anti - inflammatory potential of balarishta and dhanvantara gutika in albino rats. This study observed in both Balarishta and Dhanvantara Gutika exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activity.Dhanvantara Gutika notably reduced adrenal ascorbic acid levels and influenced liver enzymes GOT and GPT, suggesting a role in modulating inflammatory mediators like bradykinin. All tested drugs, including the reference phenylbutazone, inhibited acid phosphatase activity, indicating lysosomal membrane stabilization. These findings validate the traditional Ayurvedic claims regarding the anti-inflammatory properties of Balarishta and Dhanvantara Gutika.³⁹

3. Anti-Diabetic Activity:

Preeti Tiwari (2014) has reported Antidiabetic Potential of Balarishta Prepared by Traditional and Modern Methods in Alloxan Induced Diabetic rats. The study reported that Balarishta-T, Balarishta-M, and marketed Balarishta significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels, improved lipid profiles, and elevated blood glutathione levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, indicating potent anti-diabetic and antioxidant properties. These effects are likely due to the polyphenolic content and enhanced bio-availability facilitated by the alcohol present in the preparations. Overall, the findings suggest that Balarishta formulations may serve as effective anti-diabetic agents with additional cardio-protective benefits.⁴⁰

4. Antihyperlipidemic activity:

Preeti Tiwari (2014) has reported Antihyperlipidemic Potential of Balarishta Prepared by Traditional and Modern Methods in High Fat Diet Induced Hyperlipidemic rats.The study found that both Balarishta-T and Balarishta-M significantly reduced total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and serum triglyceride levels in rats fed a high-fat diet. Unlike many hypolipidemic drugs, these formulations also lowered serum triglycerides and improved the atherogenic index. Additionally, the high-fat diet group showed a decreased HDL to total cholesterol ratio⁴¹.

DISCUSSION:

Balarishta is a classical fermented Ayurvedic formulation widely prescribed for Vata Vyadhi, neuromuscular weakness and general debility. According to Ayurveda its polyherbal ingredients act synergistically with a predominance of Madhura Rasa, Sheeta Virya and Madhura Vipaka which balance aggravated Vata and Pitta doshas. The formulation works through Balya, Brimhana, Vatahara and Rasayana actions making it effective in weakness, neurological conditions, arthritis and post-illness convalescence.

The chief ingredient Bala is described as Balya and Vata-pittahara. It contains active principles like ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, sterculic acid and β-sitosterol. Modern studies confirm its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, immunomodulatory and adaptogenic activities validating its role in neuromuscular disorders and fatigue.⁴²

Ashwagandha is Rasayana in action known for Vata-Kapha shamaka and Balya properties. It contains withanolides, withaferin A and somniferine. Experimental and clinical studies demonstrate neuroprotective, immunomodulatory, anti-stress and anti-cancer effects supporting its use in chronic fatigue, neurological disorders and debility.

Dhataki beyond its role in fermentation is Kaphapittahara and Grahi. Its tannins and flavonoids show antimicrobial and immunoprotective activities with modern studies proving its efficacy against multi-drug-resistant bacteria without cytotoxic effects.

Payasya having Sukrala and Balya properties is rich in puerarin, daidzein and quercetin. Modern studies reveal anticancer, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties further extending BA’s therapeutic relevance.

Rasna, Eranda and Prasarini are major Vatahara drugs in the formulation. Rasna contains triterpenoids and flavonoids showing anti-arthritic and antioxidant activity. Eranda contains ricinine with cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects. Prasarini contains iridoid glycosides with antimicrobial and antidiabetic properties. Together they strengthen the musculoskeletal system and reduce stiffness and inflammation.

Gokshura is another vital drug with Madhura Rasa and Sheeta Virya. Its phytoconstituents like campesterol and stigmasterol exhibit diuretic, aphrodisiac, androgen-enhancing and nephroprotective actions making it beneficial in weakness, urinary disorders and vitality enhancement.

Ela, Devapushpa and Ushira contribute to digestive, antimicrobial and cooling actions. Cardamom is reported to lower blood pressure and act as an antioxidant. Clove provides antimicrobial and carminative benefits. Vetivera oil shows nerve-relaxant and fungicidal effects.

Pharmacological studies on BA formulations reveal multiple contemporary benefits. Its antioxidant activity reduces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) thereby lowering oxidative stress, a major factor in chronic degenerative diseases. Its anti-inflammatory activity is linked to lysosomal membrane stabilization and reduction of inflammatory mediators like bradykinin. In experimental diabetic models BA significantly reduced blood glucose and improved lipid profiles confirming its antidiabetic and cardioprotective effects. Further its antihyperlipidemic action was observed with reductions in cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL while improving the atherogenic index highlighting its role in lifestyle disorders.

Thus, the pharmacodynamics of BA combine classical Ayurvedic concepts with modern pharmacological validation. Its unique polyherbal composition not only addresses Vata Vyadhi and weakness but also provides significant benefits in metabolic disorders like diabetes, hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress-related conditions. This makes BA a holistic Rasayana formulation bridging traditional claims with contemporary biomedical evidence.

CONCLUSION:

BA is a time-tested Ayurvedic formulation that has shown significant benefits in neuromuscular disorders, inflammatory conditions, and general debility. Modern research highlights its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and adaptogenic potential, supporting its therapeutic relevance in contemporary healthcare. To strengthen its global acceptability, future studies should emphasize well-designed clinical trials, advanced analytical standardization, pharmacokinetic studies, and development of patient-friendly dosage forms.

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42. Maurya Bhavna, Mishra H.S., Agarwal Ajay Kumar. Validation of classical pharmacology of Sida cordifolia Linn. (Bala) through reverse pharmacology. J Ayurveda Integr Med Sci [Internet].2024Apr.10[cited2025Aug.22]; 9(2): 204212. Availablefrom: https://jaims.in/jaims/article/view/2994

Received on 10.10.2025 Revised on 12.11.2025

Accepted on 08.12.2025 Published on 31.01.2026

Available online from February 07, 2026

Asian J. Research Chem.2026; 19(1):43-50.

DOI: 10.52711/0974-4150.2026.00009

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 International License. Creative Commons License.

S. No	Onset of fermentation	Completion of fermentation
1.	Floating of prakshepa dravya over the liquid	Prakshepa Dravya will settle down
2.	Hissing sound is present	Hissing sound is absent.
3.	Mild alcoholic odor and taste.	Strong alcoholic odor and taste.
4.	Effervescence	No effervescence.
5.	Burning candle is put off.	Burning candle continues to burn.
6.	Lime water turns milky white.	Test is negative. No change in lime water